Packet radio hardware. 0 specification.

Packet radio hardware. Kantronics' radio modems (also known as packet modems, since they are most frequently used in packet-based communication modes) convert radios (HF/VHF/UHF) into digital communications devices especially well suited for packet radio communications. Gone are the days of expensive Kantronics TNC‘s. A TNC can be software (sound card + PTT control) or hardware. Jun 25, 2020 · This is the new version. Dec 29, 2024 · There are two different ways to get started, either with a software or hardware TNC. Data radios, modems, LoRa radios, serial lines, AX. Learn why bug out laptops can be useful in your emergency kit bag and what hardware options are available. It utilizes a protocol named “New Packet Radio”. In this article, we will discuss what APRS is, how to set it up, how […] Welcome to Reddit's own amateur (ham) radio club. 25 networks, with the addition of a modem to convert baseband digital signals to audio tones. Looking for Amateur radio software/hardware for Commodore computers. Jan 3, 2025 · Until a Hardware TNC comes onto the market that is updated every several months, supports many modes and speeds, can run all of the packet applications available to us at once, with high processing power to decode many slices of audio at the same time, that also doesn’t tie the radio to it alone, I will stick with my software modem/tnc. USB or RS-232 connection for the PC and cable to suit between TNC and radio Software and audio modems – To receive, the microphone or line in port can be Oct 21, 2025 · After receiving a new 10W 40dB attenuator, I decided to give the GRF5604 a spin again. 05 on a Windows 10 64bit workstation. This device plugs into the expansion port and has a ribbon cable tethered to a large external enclosure. Ax25-apps, Ax25-tools, Ax25-utils, Libax25 AX. The 2400 baud APSK modem supports many microphone-audio transceivers, and 4800 baud GFSK is great for use in data-radio/9600 transceivers which don't quite cut it for 9600 baud. Whatever radio or software you are using, set up is a breeze. A typical Packet TNC communicated with your computer via a standard rs-232 serial comm. Does anyone know where I can find Amateur radio hardware and software for the PET, VIC-20 or C64. Data Decoding: The received packets are decoded to extract the information contained within, such as position coordinates, messages, or other relevant data. Learn where it came from, what it is used for today, and how you use it with just the equipment you have now. TNC (Terminal Node Controller) packet radios typically feature a modem, a processor, and firmware that facilitates digital communication over radio waves. 25 packet device which could talk through a stock FM mobile and some HTs. You can now get better results at lower cost by connecting your radio to the “soundcard” interface of a computer and using software to decode the signals. Configure the software. 25 as a basis. In 1984, a great deal of packet experimentation was done, software for packet bulletin board systems was developed, and packet radio started becoming more and more popular all across the U. Dec 17, 2023 · Packet radio is still a popular mode for APRS and Winlink, to name a few uses. If you want to setup your own node with BPQ, you can follow the guide here. Equipment Packet radio is an open standard, supported by multiple vendors. 25), connectivity options (like USB, serial, or Bluetooth), and whether it supports GPS integration for APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System) usage. This dinner is always a highlight of the TAPR (Tucson Amateur Packet Radio) and AMSAT (Radio Amateur Satellite Corp Has anyone ever done a side by side comparison of quality and ability to decode packet radio via hardware tnc vs software tnc? Say TNC-X vs Direwolf. Aug 15, 2016 · I am curious to know if it is possible to do packet radio on VHF/UHF using the UV-5R I have seen some invasive hardware hacks, but without modifying the radio itself (firmware, hardware) it's my 1986 Updated; 1994/98 When I first wrote PacketRadio: The Easy Way! in 1986, I felt that somehow the new or prospective Packeteer would not feel comfortable with an attempt at setting up his or her Packet station without some means of tutorial. See the Wiki for more info. Packet radio uses a packet switching protocol as opposed to circuit switching or message switching protocols to transmit digital data via a radio communication link. a TNC or soundcard setup AX. In the early days of Amateur Packet Radio, it was necessary to use an expensive “Terminal Node Controller” (TNC) with specialized hardware. Limit over 1 MBit/s AX. If its a question of dedicating an input and output to packet radio, why can't I just use a USB sound card and plug that into my radio? If the computer needs a dedicated network interface for it, then why not have a TNC in software? Archived post. Posted on May 4, 2025 by Stana Horzepa — Leave a comment TAPR/AMSAT Banquet – Friday, May 16th The 16th annual TAPR/AMSAT Banquet will be held at the Kohler Presidential Banquet Center on Friday, May 16th at 18:30 EDT. Feb 5, 2023 · Packet Radio has been around for years. Jan 2, 2011 · Discouraging having all this digital radio software out there and packet still hard way to go unless TNC-hardware is used. Now let's take a look at some of the commands that are available in your TNC or packet software to help improve your station operation. https://github. I had to give the ham who might be willing to give Packet Radio a try, a head start by taking them When I started to work in Packet-Radio I had a choice between hardware and software products. -port using a terminal communication program. A building block of packet radio is the Terminal Node Controller, also known as TNC. To make things simple you can think of a TNC as a modem (for those of you born before the 1980’s). 0 / Windows XP (with Flexnet32 or MixW) or based on a hardware TNC. There’s lots of ham radio documentation out there about various setups, but they’re usually at least 20 years old, and you’ll find recommendations to use software that’s not been updated is just as long. The initials stand for “Tucson Amateur Packet Radio” but today the organization is much broader than that: we long ago became an international organization, and while we still support packet radio our areas of interest have expanded to include software defined radio, advanced digital modulation methods, and precise time and frequency Sep 17, 2024 · Setup IP Networking via Packet Radio with DireWolf and IL2P This guide will get you a working TCP/IP network connection over the 2m or 70cm band over just about any radio. 25 made for the amateur service. A terminal node controller (TNC) is a device used by amateur radio operators to participate in packet radio networks. With a modern radio like the UV-Pro, or a simple Digirig + software setup, you can send real messages when cell towers go dark. Stephen G7VFY The Linux Operating System is perhaps the only operating system in the world that can boast native and standard support for the AX. Mar 15, 2024 · Together with the I-gate hardware, FELINET bridges the CATS radio side with the current APRS network. Windows remote desktop protocol comes with a few issues when it comes to our packet node. APRS, the Automatic Packet Reporting System, has changed how amateur radio operators track locations, send messages and share immediate data. This is one-to-one communication. VAC Audio adds latency, which should be reduced as much as possible. View the 📼 video introduction presented by KF7HVM at LCARA presentation night Feb 2022. [1] Our local network is NCPACKET and the technical recipe (and hardware solutions) are called TARPN (Terrestrial Amateur Radio Packet Network). 25 is involved. The following diagram shows how all the "moving parts" need to be connected in order for successful Winlink Packet Radio operation. Two modes of operation - Connected and Connectionless 3 common speeds - 300 baud on HF, 1200 and 9600 baud on VHF/UHF HF activity concentrated on “Net105” 14. Some of the Windows and MAC operating systems might contain a built in terminal program like hyper-term. About New Packet Radio (NPR) Introduction New Packet Radio first emerged in 2019. Similar to a modem, the TNC interfaces with a radio to do the required modulation and demodulation and trigger the PTT so data can be sent via a radio. Supported Hardware Reticulum can be used over practically any medium that can support at least a half-duplex channel with 500 bits per second throughput, and an MTU of 500 bytes. If you are using a SDR radio, consult with your provider about how to reduce the latency, at least to 250 ms. I've observed that my tnc-x does the best, but I have fellow club members swearing direwolf is better as you have the entire In digital radio, packet radio is the application of packet switching techniques to digital radio communications. Despite the name, the NPR is not related to Amateur Radio Packet Network, and no AX. com/pfiliberti/tncemu/wiki. I started with software TNCs using the Baycom modem design, but most all of them worked only under DOS. To get on packet, you will need, of course, a radio. Update your available channels on a regular basis, once a month at the very least. This technique, commonly referred to as packet radio, employs digital transmission to exchange data over radio waves, bridging distances without the need for a physical internet connection. Early packet networks let operators connect to bulletin board systems (BBS), swap messages, and link up over long distances. The PK-88 hardware HDLC system converts serial, asynchronous, ASCII data to the internationally accepted AX. Using Channels automatically populates the relevant fields in the Packet Winlink Session window. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. The radio modem is cheap (~80$) and home-made, with a Jun 22, 2023 · I’ll do my best to summarize for our packet radio purposes. Introduction In the early days of Amateur Packet Radio, it was necessary to use a “Terminal Node Controller” (TNC) with specialized hardware. Hook up an ordinary PC, a Kantronics radio modem, and your radio, and you can send and receive e-mail, transfer files, monitor remote operations Packet Radio? Packet radio allows the digital transmission and reception of messages in small chunks called packets. Ideal to use it as a network node with the X-Net Software. Direwolf is a software TNC, and one of the best things to happen to packet radio in the 21’st century. Haven't seen a cable setup like this for the FT-65R or much mention of what other android apps/PC programs could use packet radio in this way. The essence of this communication Feb 13, 1997 · INTRODUCTION TO PACKET RADIO - PART 3 by Larry Kenney, WB9LOZ TNC COMMANDS - PART 1 OF 3 In I talked about how to get on the air and make your first QSO. It is essentially a modem. First we’ll need to edit the config file, direwolf. The enclosure houses the TNC hardware and includes two EPROMs with software to control the unit Packet radio hardware i. Slowscan TV, packet radio, morse decode and RTTY (Radio teletype). S. At that time, I tried a lot of software TNCs, but each had its own flaw. But I’ve got suggestions that are modern, still being manufactured, and applicable today. This blog post aims do describe the steps to setting up packet radio on modern hardware with Linux. When the sound card software became available in the late 1990s I built an interface started using the sound This web site has been established to be a concise repository for AX. AWGPE seems to be be free. The interface types available for configuration in Reticulum are flexible enough to cover the use of most wired and wireless communications hardware available, from decades-old packet radio modems to modern millimeter-wave backhaul systems Sep 25, 2017 · In the early days, packet radio relied on a special piece of hardware called a terminal node controller (TNC). and Canada. TNC Mar 27, 2023 · New Packet Radio The NPR-70 is an open source 70cm, IP over amateur radio modem created by F4HDK. May 6, 2025 · Also, see the instructions below for how to setup your packet radio station using a soundcard TNC and/or a hardware TNC such as a AEA PK232, Kantronics KamPlus, etc. AX25 Soundmodem Soundmodem is a Multiplatform Soundcard Packet Radio Modem written by Thomas Sailer, HB9JNX/AE4WA. Jan 20, 2020 · The Icom IC-9700 works well as a Winlink Express radio using a software TNC. 25, a spin on X. Andres’ programs focus on using a true UNIX philosophy of piping data between different programs. Want to write a review of a software package or hardware? ! FLEX RADIO LATENCY Latency decreases the throughput of an ARQ mode. conf, using the text editor of your choice. Sep 4, 2020 · Packet radio is a particular digital mode of Amateur Radio ("Ham" Radio) communications which corresponds to computer telecommunications. May 14, 2024 · Packet Radio – Building a Station (Shopping List) This is made to be a decent go-to reference for those new to packet radio looking to build a station. Dec 29, 2024 · The following blog post will give you an effective list of needed hardware or software to get a packet radio node up and running. 25 Link-Layer Protocol Spe… Mar 18, 2024 · In the realm of amateur radio, an intriguing method of digital communication has carved out a niche for itself, becoming a cornerstone for hobbyists and enthusiasts alike. But if you want to use other digital modes then you may want to still consider the devices below. 25 TNCs, amateur radio digital modes, WiFi and Ethernet devices, free-space optical links, and similar systems are all examples of the types of physical devices There are two different ways to get started, either with a software or hardware TNC. Here’s a spectrum plot showing harmonics with the fundamental at 36dBm (M17 signal at 433 Independent of mode - VHF packet and all HF modes Most modern radios (VHF, HF or multi-band) Oct 24, 2024 · Introduction to the use of clusters and Packet Radio hardware settings and commands by ON4SKY Over 20,000 ham radio enthusiasts use APRS across the United States right now. 25 Terminal Node Controller (TNC) suitable for amateur radio 1200-baud packet radio communication. There is a drop down box to select Packet TNC type. Its role is to take analog RF signals received/transmitted by Here we have a number of ax. If you are new to Packet Radio, start here to get a grasp on what the modern landscape of Packet radio looks Mar 19, 2024 · Whats a TNC (Terminal Node Controller) and AX25? A TNC (Terminal Node Controller) is a device (or software) used by amateur radio operators to facilitate the communication of packet radio when using the AX 25 packet protocol. Bitrate is 50 to 500kbps (net, effective bitrate), depending on the RF bandwidth chosen. This by no means encompasses all products. Nov 24, 2024 · Packet Radio Build Part 2 – Setup VARA, Dire Wolf, and Remote Desktop Click here for Part 1 Setting up Remote Desktop with NoMachine In part one of this build, I had configured windows remote desktop so we can access our packet note remotely. Completely Hackable! Even though it is ready to go as is — if you are like us, you know everything can be improved. May 5, 2015 · The only TNCs left that I know of are: MFJ Enterprises Inc. The computer sees the radio as a TNC device for Packet operations. 2m or 70cm are most common A Packet radio is a digital mode and protocol used for digital communication over amateur radio. Aug 14, 2023 · Today, Windows users can engage in packet radio activities using diverse software applications. Those days are gone. Data communication with extreme high speed is possible. This becomes especially important (to me) in weak signals. The TNC (Terminal Node Controller) has more than 100 different commands available for you to use. 104MHz LSB Mar 22, 2024 · This is this follow up to my introduction on Packet Radio. I’ve set the SX1255’s DAC gain to 0dB and mixer gain to -13. The Modems are plugged-in and can be combined with the base model as desired. 5dB, to prevent the power amplifier from saturating. TNC Type The traditional TNC is a standalone hardware device, which connects to both the radio and the station computer. Hardware TNCs come in two main flavours - traditionally TNCs were computers in their own right and presented a shell to which you could connect with any dumb serial terminal - in modern terms that would have been something like PuTTY in serial mode or Equipment Handhelds, mobile and base radios Terminal Node Controllers (TNC) – hardware interface between radio and PC. Pair the TNC to your smartphone or computer. Because of several firmware modes, it works with any packet radio software that support Hostmode, KISS or Flexnet. In minutes you will be sending your first APRS packet. Aug 14, 2015 · Building an inexpensive, portable packet or APRS radio station with remote operation, PTT, control link auto-shutdown, eliminating the need for a UV-5R USB programming cable, ground loop isolator, or TNC by using a Raspberry Pi, Linux, and Soundmodem. A terminal node controller (TNC) is a device used by amateur radio operators to participate in AX. Kantronics Radio Modems/TNC's Timewave Technology Inc Many hams use a simple audio/PTT interface and PC software instead of a hardware TNC. May 20, 2024 · Connect to a Packet Radio BBS Node with KISS or AGWPE TNC Windows/Linux As a last post to the BBS portion of the packet radio series, I wanted to give a few ways you can actually connect to a BBS node within Linux and windows. AEA PK-64 Packet Radio TNC The PK-64 “Pakratt” from Advanced Electronic Applications, Inc. Packet radio has many potential purposes and many dozens of different implementations. 25 layer 2 design activities. 25 was released as a link Know of any good software or hardware which other Mac Ham Radio users should know about? Please We welcome information about all OS X, iOS, and web-based amateur radio applications. e. With many forms of packet including hardware and software options, it’s worth exploring. Oct 2, 2024 · Learn how to build a packet radio system for message relays. What is Packet Radio in 2021 Primarily used as a protocol for other applications on top of it. This modem makes IP over radio as easy as configuring an IP, and plugging in an ethernet cable. On HF, it tends to be 300bps, while some UHF links run at 9600 or even faster. Connect the TNC to the radio. Amateur radio enthusiasts quickly developed many diverse network architectures using AX. ioOpenModem OpenModem is a very flexible and open packet radio modem and TNC. Packet Radio Information from Larry Kenney, WB9LOZ San Francisco, California Larry's eighteen-part tutorial on packet radio - in HTML format for reading on the Web: "Introduction to Packet Radio" Larry's eighteen-part tutorial on packet radio - in text (ASCII) format for use by newsletter editors and BBS sysops "Introduction to Packet Radio" Other Packet Radio Sites Of Interest APRS Station 1 Introduction The new TNC7multi as the successor of the well known TNC2multi has many new features that cannot find with other TNC. The modem hardware and software are both open source. Jun 9, 2019 · NPR (New Packet Radio) is an hardware and software project by Guillaume F4HDK recently published on hackaday. You're Dec 2, 2019 · The Packet Winlink Session window will read ATTENTION: Set the packet radio frequency to xxx. AX. Packet Radio Information from Larry Kenney, WB9LOZ San Francisco, California Larry's eighteen-part tutorial on packet radio - in HTML format for reading on the Web: "Introduction to Packet Radio" Larry's eighteen-part tutorial on packet radio - in text (ASCII) format for use by newsletter editors and BBS sysops "Introduction to Packet Radio" Other Packet Radio Sites Of Interest APRS Station Using a Hardware Modem How one can decode satellite telemetry data using a Hardware modem also known as TNC. Linux natively supports packet radio in the kernel! This equates to extensive support for many hardware types which may or may not be supported by DOS or Windows (DRSI Boards, USB Interfaces, etc) Aug 21, 2025 · The known secret is packet radio isn’t just for APRS trackers. Apr 24, 2022 · Dire Wolf is a software-based TNC (Terminal Node Controller). But I understand error correction and hardware handshaking is needed I suppose. Now that computers are more powerful, it's often simpler to use a software modem. Welcome to Reddit's own amateur (ham) radio club. This guide outlines the process of setting up packet radio on a Windows system, utilizing well-known software tools. This file can be found in your home directory. 105MHz LSB, and “Net40” 7. xxxMHz, this also gives you the frequency you should set your radio to. The software allows a standard PC sound-card to be used as a packet radio “modem” with all processing done on the main computer CPU. Designed by F4HDK, the original hardware operates on 70cms and offers configurable speeds of between 100 Kbps and 500 Kbps, with the hardware capable of up to 1 Mbps. It is similar in function to the Packet Assembler/Disassemblers used on X. Each letter consists of 8 bits, each bit can be a high tone or a low tone. Apr 14, 2025 · Operations Equipment Guides Packet Equipment Terminal Node Controller (TNC) In a packet station, a terminal node controller (TNC) converts between the digital data in the packet software and the audio signals in the radio. Once you have your modem (hardware or software) hooked up, select “Packet Winlink” from the Session drop down box on the main screen of the Winlink Express software then click on Open Session. If you are wondering what Amateur Radio is about, it's basically a two way radio service where licensed operators throughout the world experiment and communicate with each other on frequencies reserved for license holders. Traditionally, TNC’s were physical hardware devices that amateur radio operators connected to their radios for the purpose of running digital modes over packet radio. Communications Hardware # One of the truly valuable aspects of Reticulum is the ability to use it over almost any conceivable kind of communications medium. The computer allows communication with the TNC, and the transfer of files, text, etc. I connected it to my LinHT prototype (Revision A hardware, for the record) and supplied with 5. The config file has plenty of commented code so you know exactly what you are looking at. The TNC3S is the top Packet Radio-Controller for Amateur-Radio. That means AX. That was when I decided to write this tutorial. (AEA) is a packet radio Terminal Node Controller (TNC) designed specifically for the Commodore 64. 0 specification. 25 protocol is commonly used for APRS packet radio or telemetry in amateur radio satellites. 1V. All topics relating to the hobby are welcome here, from purchasing and building equipment, to operating techniques and Discover the basic elements of a packet radio for sending messages and files over the air. Packet radio is connection (session) based, and supports a store and forward model of message passing. A radio that operates on the most common packet frequencies in your area. You may not be in range of somebody else's TARPN or other packet network, but we show you how to build your own. Discover the equipment needed, setup, and how packet radio is used. The basic thing in 1985 was a 1200 baud AX. I am also looking for associated hardware, books or circuit diagrams for related projects. 25 is a protocol originally developed for amateur radio in the late 1970's and standardized on in 1984 with the release of the v2. In this example, the software TNC Soundmodem by UZ7HO ver 1. Key features to consider include the supported protocols (such as AX. ARES/RACES goal is fast, accurate information transfer We started with voice Inaccurate and very slow We moved to packet on VHF and Pactor on HF Accurate and slow Both required complicated hardware between the computer and the radio As computers got faster and software got better, we were able to simplify the interface and move the work to the NPR (New Packet Radio) is a custom radio protocol, designed to transport bidirectional IP trafic over 430MHz radio links (ham radio frequencies 420-450MHz). io to carry IP network traffic over the amateur radio 70 cm band, with data rates of up to 500 kbps. Sep 30, 2025 · Packet-based radio communication grew out of early computer networking ideas. The item’s I’ve listed here are a reflection of the modern packet radio landscape. OpenModem page at unsigned. Packet radio requires a few basic components: a radio and antenna system, a TNC, and a computer to talk with it. This guide will get you a working direwolf installation, a program called tncattach installed, and a network interface connected via IL2P (Improved Layer 2 Protocol). A fundamental building block in packet radio is a TNC. 25 packet radio networks. A terminal node controller, aka TNC, is required to send and receive Winlink email messages through the Sandhills Packet Digipeater Network. In the Packet Winlink Session window that opens, click on settings. At a very basic level it takes the characters in each message and translates each character as a sequence of high tones and low tones. Packet Reception: APRS stations equipped with appropriate hardware and software receive the transmitted packets. Most packet happens on 2m, but some happens on UHF and even down to 40m as well. 25 subsystem properly configured. A TNC is a modem: it plugs into a two-way radio and uses audio tones to send and receive data. 25 packages installed and modems and ports configred and working (you can check this by entering listen command in your system, if you can see the packet radio traffic it's probably ok). Amateur operators tweaked commercial packet protocols for radio links, which led to AX. Packet radio on VHF (AX. Packet radio is frequently used by amateur radio operators. A hardware emulator of the Heathkit HK-21 Pocket Packet Ham Radio TNC for the Linux operating system. It must use a Packet Radio driver application to do this. It doesn’t matter if you’re using packet radio for a BBS, APRS, or TCP/IP, you have to use a TNC. Back in the 80's and 90's I used a Kantronics KAM for 2m packet and other modes on HF. You can find a link to the project here. 25) is largely the same today as it was in the 1980s, but with ubiquitous, small form-factor computing cheaply available, the possibilities for deploying packet equipment are more flexible and inexpensive than they’ve ever been. Direwolf gives us a free, opensource TNC, that is highly customizable for just about every need, and runs on about any […] This repository holds the firmware code, and a basic schematic for an AX. Amateur Packet Reporting System (APRS) is a digital communication system utilized by amateur radio operators to exchange messages and track locations utilizing GPS. In the early days of Amateur Packet Radio, it was necessary to use a “Terminal Node Controller” (TNC) with specialized hardware. Packet Radio was one of the major developments to hit the world of Amateur Radio and thousands of hams soon caught the "packet bug". This protocol is optimized for "point to multipoint" topology, with the help of managed-TDMA. APRS is a well-known technology among hams, with numerous applications in emergency communications, tracking, and weather reporting. Most packet happens at 1200 baud (bps). Unfortunately, AX. An AX25-HOWTO can be found in links. 2m or 70cm are most common A Packet Radio What is packet radio? • Messages sent digitally in packets – small bursts of 1’s and 0’s. We’re only going over the software TNC option here, which is a program running on a computer that will emulate a hardware packet terminal node controller. 25 packet radio protocol via an EIA standard RS-232 serial port. If you already have a hardware TNC device then you do not need to go any further. Structure: Header | Payload Dat • Packet is normally done in connected mode. It is built on the proven reliability and performance of the MicroModem platform, but updated with all-round better components, a better DAC and ADC, a faster processor, and a much more powerful firmware, capable of many features that were simply not possible in the limited space of the Oct 28, 2025 · The TARPN NinoTNC is designed by Nino KK4HEJ for use in Amateur Radio packet data networks. 25 related links, and the ax25 software and some configuration examples that I use on my system. 25 speed. The telephone modem is replaced by a "magic" box called a terminal node controller (TNC); the telephone is replaced by an amateur radio transceiver, and the phone system is replaced by the "free" amateur The AX. I have a TNC-X, a DIY kiss TNC and kf5inz board for direwolf. Maybe I am missing something fundamental about what TNCs do that make a software implementation undesirable? Feb 27, 2023 · Dire Wolf Decoded Information from Radio Emissions for Windows Or Linux Fans In the early days of Amateur Packet Radio, it was necessary to use an expensive “Terminal Node Controller” (TNC) with specialized hardware. Two modems may be run simultaneously. This can’t possibly cover every single radio or device/TNC on the market. 25 packet radio protocol utilised by Amateur Radio Operators worldwide. All topics relating to the hobby are welcome here, from purchasing and building equipment, to operating techniques and Server application Packet Nodes need to either be Linux based or NT4. rol iyme8bj9 ybkhs to2wfzz afgqx ojssy chl 9idx isc2isxmq fqic